WII Technical Reports/Books/Manuals

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Manual of wildlife techniques for India : Field document no. 11
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1988) Sale, J.B.; Berkmuller, K.
This manual contains practical techniques for wildlife managers, not highly sophisticated methodology aimed at obtaining research quality data
Impacts of Management Practices on Lion and Ungulate Habitats in Gir Protected Area
(Wildlife Institute of India,Dehradun., 1990) Sharma, Diwakar; Johnsingh, A.J.T.
study on the impacts of management practices on lion and ungulate habitat was conducted in Gir Protected Area (PA) from June 1991 to July 1994. The Gir PA includes Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. It is situated between 20° 55' to 21° 20N and 70° *25 to 71° 15' E in the Southern part of Kathiawar peninsula in western Giijarat. Gir PA (hereafter Gir) is located about 60km South of Junagadh. The area which was 3,107 sq km in 1877 (Joshi 1976) has been presently reduced to 1,412 sq km, of which about 259 sq km is national nark. The terrain is hilly, altitude ranging from about 100m above mean sea level to 528m above mean sea level. The hills run in all directions, have moderate slopes, and constitute an important catchment for Kathiawar peninsula. The rocks are volcanic in origin, consisting of Deccan traps and are the oldest exposed rocks in Gir (Patel 1992). As many as seven types of soils have been categorized based on their colours (Munsell colour chart) ranging from dark yellowish brown to very dark greyish Brown (Pandit et al. 1992). The climate is semi-arid with three distinct seasons; summer (March-mid June), monsoon (mid June - mid October) and winter (late October to February). Gir has dry deciduous forest - 5A/Clb (Champion & Seth 1968). West Gir has Tectona grandis dominated vegetation. In eastern Gir Anogeissus pendula replaces Tectona grandis but the vegetation is dominated by thorny species such as Acacia and Zizyphus. Gir is the last refuge of the wild Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) and long term conservation of the Asiatic lion is an overriding management objective of Gir. In order to improve habitat conditions in Gir, the park authorities, over the last 20-25 years have made some management interventions such as relocation of some maldharis (local graziers), reduction in livestock grazing (especially migrant livestock during the rainy season) and fire control. These measures have led to vegetational improvement and increase in wild ungulate and lion populations. Understanding this vegetational improvement was thought to be crucial to determine the extent of management intervention required. The objectives of this study were: 1. to investigate the impact of maldharis on vegetation; 2. to investigate the habitat utilization by wild ungulates; and 3. to find out the impact of management practices (such as use of fire, creation of water holes, grass harvesting, maldhari relocation and creating of national park). iii The vegetation study was conducted in 211 plots of 20m X 20m each. Vegetation data included counts and measurement of trees, seedling, and shrubs. Status of trees and seedlings in terms of lopped, cut, dead or intact was recorded to study the effect of anthropogenic factors. Data on environmental variables i.e. slope and soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, potash, phosphorus, organic carbon, texture, moisture and water retaining capacity and colour) was collected to study their impact on the vegetation. Habitat utilization by ungulates was investigated through direct and indirect evidence. Indirect evidence included pellet group count and browse consumption. Pellets groups of chital (Cervus axis), sambar (Cervus unicolor), nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), chinkara (Gazella gazelld), chowsingha (Tetracerus quadricomis) and wild pig (sus scrqfa) were counted from ten 10m X 2m belt transects in and around 100 vegetation plots. Direct count of ungulates was carried out using vehicle transects at twelve routes all over Gir in the summers of 1992, 1993 and 1994. Data on cover and animal evidence was collected in summer (April-May) and winter (December- January) of 1991,1992, and 1993. Browse consumption by ungulates was estimated on trial for few major browse species. The browse production and consumption was estimated through diameter weight relationship of twings based on linear regression. Habitat factors included were cover at 0.5m, 1.0m and 1.75m height, canopy, tree species diversity, browse availability, grass cover, leaf litter, distance from nes (hamlet), distance from water, slope and grazing by livestock. Cover was measured from five, fixed Im X lm quadrats in the 100 vegetation plots. Relationship of vegetation associations with environmental factors and ungulate abundance with habitat factors were investigated using multivariate analysis. Fifteen vegetation associations were categorized based on two way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) computer programme. These were: 1. Acacia catechu - Zizyphus nummularia - Aristida adscensionis 2. Apluda mutica - Themeda quadrivalvis - Sehima nervosum 3. Anogeissus latifblia-Acaciacatechu- erminaliacrenulata 4. Anogeissus latifblia - Acacia catechu 5. Acacia spp. - Zizyphus mauritiana 6. Zizyphus mauritiana 7. Acacia nilotica - Zizyphus mauritiana 8. Tectona grandis - Acacia catechu - Zizyphus mauritiana 9. Tectona grandis - Acacia catechu - Terminalia crenulata 10. Tectona grandis 11. Acacia catechu - Lannea coromandelica - Boswellia serrata 12. Tectona grandis - Acacia spp. - Wrightia tinctoria 13. Tectona grandis mixed 14. Mixed and 15. Syzygium ubicundum - Pongamiapinnata associations. iv Tree density and diversity were all maximum in Mixed association while seedling density and shrub volume were maximum in Syzygium rubicundum - Pongamia pinnata association. Soil pH, moisture and potash were important environmental factors which determined the vegetation distribution (Canonical correspondence analysis-CANOCO; P=.O5). However, different vegetation associations were governed by various environmental variables separately and just one or a combination of some variables could not explain the distribution of vegetation associations. Twelve habitat types were classified based on similarity in the vegetation associations and TWINSPAN analysis. These habitats were given a simple name and a name that represented the habitats. The following twelve habitats were categorized: 1. Scrubland 2. Savanna 3. Anogeissus - Acacia - Terminalia 4. Anogeissus - Acacia 5. Thom forest 6. Teak - Acacia - Zizyphus 7. Teak forest 8. Teak - Acacia - Boswellia 9. Teak - Acacia - Wrightia 10. Teak mixed 11. Mixed forest 12. Riverine Mixed habitat was more diverse while riverine was most dense in terms of cover. Thom forest provided maximum browse to the ungulates. Chital (Cervus axis) showed high use of Thom forest habitat while sambar (Cervus unicolor) used more Mixed, Riverine and Teak - Acacia - Zizyphus habitat. Data on other ungulates was not sufficient for statistical analysis. CANOCO showed that human disturbance governed the wild ungulate abundance in summer while ground cover and human disturbance were decisive factors in winter. Sambar and nilgai were away from disturbance while chital were relatively unaffected by disturbance, in both summer and winter. Chinkara was observed mostly in the east Gir, a place with conditions like savanna and with more human disturbance. Impacts of management practices was investigated in vegetation plots and pellet transects, and by comparing them at varying distances from nes and water points, between national paric and wildlife sanctuary, burnt and unbumt areas and between harvested and unharvested localities. Late serai stages of vegetation succession (Thomy - with Acacia and Zizyphus) were reached after 10 yrs of nes relocation and such stages were utilized more by ungulates. Impact of current neses on vegetation was severe only up to 500 m. Chital evidence were maximum, whereas sambar least, nearest a nes. The overall variation was significant only for chital both in summer and winter. There was significant variation in both summer and winter in chital evidence, not sambar, found at various distances from water holes. Maximum chital evidence were nearest the water holes whereas sambar were 1-2 km away from water. Controlled and cool fires did not change the vegetation composition and tree density significantly. Grass harvested areas produced more grass (1701±179 kg/ha) than unharvested ones (377±249 kg/ha). National park had significantly more tree density (500/ha), and less chital evidence (80 pellet groups/ha) than in wildlife sanctuary (480/ha, and 140/ha respectively). Teak thinning on an experimental basis is recommended to promote chital abundance. Water management by reviving disused wells in riverine tract, removal of at least 30 neses in a phased manner is suggested. Grass harvesting for local people and cool season rotational burning in unharvested areas are recommended.
Techniques for wildlife census in India : a field manual
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1991) Rodgers, W.A.; Sawarkar, V.B.; Choudhury, B.C.; Katti, M.; Kumar, A.
Pheasants of India and their aviculture
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1995) Singh, Kunwar Raghavendra; Singh, Kunwar Suresh
Ecology and Management of swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, U.P. India
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1995) Qureshi, Q.; Sawarkar, V.B.; Mathur, P.K.
WII Newsletter (July-December)
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1996)
Sero-epidemiological and clinicopathological studies on some infectious & parasitic diseases in wild ungulates and their relationship with livestock
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1996) Malik, Praveen; Malik, P.K.
Wildlife and domestic animals share many infections that may be transmitted in any direction. Considering the above factors, Sariska Tiger Reserve was thought to be an ideal place for a pilot study on wildlife diseases mainly through serological investigations with following objectives : 1. To define presence or absence of selected diseases in wild ungulates and livestock in and around Sariska Tiger Reserve. 2. To establish physiological reference values of wild ungulates.
A Preliminary Study on the Ecology of the Leopard, Panthera pardus fiisca in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun., 1998) Edgaonkar, Advait; Chellam, Ravi
A preliminary study of the ecology of the leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, was done at Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) in Maharashtra. The diet of the leopard was determined by analysing leopard scats. The major prey of the leopards was found to be domestic dogs, domestic buffalos and rodents. Primates, including rhesus macaques, bonnet macaques and common langurs and cervids, comprising chital, sambar and barking deer were also preyed on. Sections of 8 dirt roads, termed as trails T1 to T8, were monitored for intensity of leopard use. An index of prey abundance, human disturbance, stalking cover and density of trees along the trails was calculated. Intensity of use of trails by leopards was not related to the measured habitat parameters of the trails. Instances of leopard-human conflict was analysed using secondary records of the Maharashtra State Forest Department from 1986 to 1996. It was found that most instances of conflict occurred in summer and monsoon seasons. Seventy eight per cent of the deaths were of children. Awareness about leopards and attitudes towards them were quantified using a questionnaire. Tribals showed a more positive attitude score than non tribals. No such difference was seen far awareness. There were no differences in awareness and attitude among literate and illiterate people. A positive correlation between awareness scores and attitude scores was found. Suggestions for the management of leopards in SGNP include the experimental augmentation of the prey base with wild caught ungulates, monitoring for domestic dog transmitted disease, avoiding reintroduction of leopards trapped on the periphery and outside the Park boundaries into the Park and monitoring far inbreeding depression by comparing the percentage of abnormal sperm in samples from male leopards in SGNP with those from a larger population of free ranging leopards elsewhere in the country.
Ecology and conservation of the Grasslands of Eravikulam National Park, Western Ghats
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1998) Karunakaran, P.V.; Rawat, G.S.; Uniyal, V.K.
An ecological study on the montane grasslands of Eravikulam National Park (ENP), the Western Ghats, was conducted during 1992-1996, with the following objectives: (i). to prepare a complete floristic inventory of the grasslands of ENP, (ii). to identify the grassland communities, their structure, function and successional trends along the anthropogenic gradient, (iii). to determine the forage quantity in different ecological conditions and (iv). to study the effect of fire and tree plantations on the grasslands. : The ENP lies between 10° 5' to 10°20' N and 77° to 77°10' E with an area of 97 km? in the Southern Western Ghats. The average altitude of the plateau is 2000 m and the highest peak, Anamudi, reaches 2695 m. Soil was acidic with pH ranging from 4.6 to 4.8. The climate was dominated by monsoon. During the study period the annual rainfall ranged from 4697 to 5540 mm. Winter days (Nov- Jan) were cooler and frost was common. The two distinct physiognomic units of vegetation are grasslands and sholas, unique to the Western Ghats. 3: The study area was stratified into eight landscape units viz., slope without rocky outcrops, slope with rocky outcrops, flat top, valley, bog, shola-grassland edge, cattle grazed and scraped areas. Systematic surveys and vegetation parameters such as species association, frequency, diversity, evenness and richness were studied in each landscape unit by laying 5 m radius. 4. 308 plant species were collected from the grasslands, adding 106 new species to the earlier list. 51 species were found to be endemic to the grasslands and 29 were listed as rare and endangered species. There were 64 species common with Eastern Ghats, 30 species with Patanas of Sri Lanka, 35 with Western Himalaya and 35 with Naga and Khasi hills indicating phytogeographical affinities with different biogeographic zones. D! Vegetation association was derived using ‘TABLE TRANSFER METHOD’ and TWINSPAN (computer packages). TABLE TRANSFER method identified 23 vegetation associations and TWINSPAN identified 15 associations. In both the analyses it was found that Chrysopogon zeylanicus and Sehima nervosum were the two dominant species. The diversity index (H’) of the associations ranged from 1.38 in the Artemisia nilagirica-Heteropogon contortus-Cymbopogon flexuosus (cattle grazed area) to 2.90 in Agrostis peninsularis-Eulalia phaeothrix-Chrysopogon zeylanicus in the shola-grassland edges. Vegetation ordination i.e., Canonical Correspondance Analysis (CANOCO) indicated that clay, pH and sand were important environmental factors which determined the species distribution and abundance.6. Biomass study was conducted at three sites in three dominant communities viz., Chrysopogon zeylanicus, Sehima nervosum and Cymbopogon flexuosus. Clipping was done both inside the exclosure and outside to obtain net primary productivity (NPP). The NPP values showed that these grasslands are between tropical and temperate grasslands . Outside the exclosures NPP was maximum at Eravikulam and minimum at Lakkamkudi. But inside the exclosures all the three sites were having nearly equal amount of NPP. Above ground biomass (ANP) was maximum at Eravikulam inside the exclosures and less at Rajamala, where as below ground (BNP) biomass was more at Rajamala and less at Lakkamkudi. Rate of biomass production was more (3.1 g m day!) at Eravikulam inside the exclosure and less (0.8 gm? day!) at Lakkamkudi outside the exclosures. In all the communities monocots contributed more to the ANP (59-97 %) than dicots (3-41%). In Lakkamkudi Pteridium aquilinum (fern) contributed 10 % to the ANP. Sehima nervosum, Heteropogon contortus and Chrysopogon zeylanicus were the three dominant grass species according to ANP. The annual removal of ANP by cattle and wild ungulate from Lakkamkudi was 68 %. Z. Burning (early and late) was done in S. nervosum (Anamudi) and C. zeylanicus (Rajamala) community. It was found that both in the early and late burnt areas no significant changes were noticed on species diversity, richness and evenness. Regarding the structure of the vegetation, cover value of dicots showed significant difference between early and late burnt in different months. Both early and late burning affected the regeneration of Phlebophyllum kunthianum. 8. A comparison of various sites with different density and age of wattle plantations with unplanted area showed that the number of endemic species and food species of Nilgiri tahr decreased with increase in the age of plantation. The increase in weed abundance with the age of plantation indicated more harm to the natural vegetation. The diversity index (H’) was 2.64 in 10 year old plantation and 1.87 in 3 year old. TWINSPAN identified two plant species associations each in unplanted, 3 year old and five year old plantations, and four in 10 year old plantation. 9. The study recommends the following research and management strategies for the long term conservation of Shola-Grassland ecosystems and endangered Nilgiri tahr: (a) inclusion of adjecent reserved forests with shola-graslands in the park, (b) boundary verification and better patrolling to check the illegal activities and fire hazards, (c) early burning in selected areas on experimental basis, (d) control of black wattle spreading, (e) eco-development measures for the Lakkamkudi village, (f) better tourism management and (g) long term monitoring of exclosures and representative shola-grassland patches.
Ecodevelopment for biodiversity conservation 15th March - 9th April 1999
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 1999) Badola, Ruchi; Bhardwaj, A.K.; Mishra, B.K.; Rathore, B.M.S.
Vegetation surveys in the Indian Trans-Himalaya: a report on the surveys conducted during summer 2000
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2000) Rawat, G.S.; Adhikari, B.S.; Rana, B.S.
Ladakh and adjacent trans-Himalayan ranges harbor a typical vegetation characterized by steppe formations, sedge-grass meadows and herbaceous communities. A few attempts have been made to classify and describe the major plant communities of the trans-Himalaya in the past. However, most of the descriptions are based on local information from a few pockets. A complete account of life form distribution and ecological characteristics from the entire range is not available. Keeping this in view, we conducted an extensive survey of vegetation in the trans-Himalaya with a view to address the following questions: (i) how similar or dissimilar are the vegetation communities found within various trans-Himalayan ranges viz., north of Pir-Panjal (Lahul), Zanskar, Changthang, Ladakh mountains, and Karakoram region, (ii) what are the proportions of various growth forms (lichens, mosses, graminoids, forbs and shrubs) within the communities of these ranges, and (iii) which are the unique, rare or endemic species within each range and what are the possible threats to such species ? We sampled the vegetation and related abiotic variables systematically along the Rohtang - Leh - Nubra road following a `Rapid GRADSECT’ approach. Data on various parameters were collected at four levels, viz., (i) General physiognomy, cover types and landscape features within 100 m x 2 km belts, (ii) Community composition of woody species and cover abundance of different life forms at a regular intervals of 2 kms, (iii) Species composition at and around 5 high passes covering various aspects and landforms, and (iv) Species composition and cover abundance around a high altitude brackish water lake. The preliminary findings of the survey include: (i) 10 distinct physiognomic units viz., Herbaceous meadow (HM), Sedge meadow (SM), Mixed scrub or steppe (MS), Riverine scrub (RS), Sparse vegetation including degraded slopes (SV), Woodland/Plantation (WP), Cultivation/Habitation (CH), Grasslands i.e., area dominated by grasses (GR) and cushionoid vegetation including mosses and lichens (CV). were identified along with their percent coverage within various sectors and also along the GRADSECT, (ii) 9 major woody communities along the Gradsect were identified, viz., Juniper woodland, Artemisia dracunculus - A. maritima, Caragana, Eurotia, Caragana - Eurotia, Artemisia gmelinii - A. salsoloides, Hippophae - Myricaria, Salix lindleyana, Lysium ruthinicum, and Ephedra gerardiana, (iii) High passes (Rohtang, Baralacha La, Lachulung La, Tanglang La, and Khardung La ranging from 3900-5500 m asl) represented different geological formations and therefore distinct plant communities. General vegetation cover, species richness, density and diversity decreased with increasing altitude and latitude, and (iv) The banks of Tso Moriri (brackish water lake) were dominated by Carex melanantha, Carex nivalis and a few other herbs which was quite different from the banks of fresh water lakes and other marsh meadows of the alpine regions.
Conserving biodiversity in the Indian Trans-Himalaya: New initiatives of field conservation in Ladakh : a collaborative project of Wildlife Institute of India, US fish and Wildlife Service and International Snow leopard Trust
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2000) Mathur, V.B.; Bhatnagar, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q.; Chundawat, R.S.; Adhikari, B.S.; Rana, B.S.; Kala, C.P.; Uniyal, V.P.; Vasudevan, K.; Choudhury, B.C.; Vijayakumar, S.P.; Singh, Pratap; Jayapal, R.; Wangchuk, Richen; Hussain, S.A.; Singh, R.K.; Jackson, Rodney; McCarthy, Tom
Mapping of the protected area (PA) and surrounding areas in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2000) Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Mathur, V.B.; Mukherjee, S.K.; Areendran, G.; Pasha, M.K.S.
In this study the task included the preparation of baseline maps of Pench tiger reserve and surrounding areas consisting of features relevant to PA management and ecodevelopment activities. The maps were digitized and incorporated in Geographical Information System (GIS) domain. As part of assignment the spatial database developed for the Pench tiger reserve has been installed in the PTR office at Seoni.
Radio-tracking of western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) in Great Himalayan National Park, India
(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2001) Ramesh, K.; Sathyakumar, S.; Rawat, G.S.
Attempts were made to radio-tag western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) to study the habitat use and movement pattern in Great Himalayan National Park, India. Fall net and leg-hold noose were used to trap birds. One female tragopan was caught in the leg-hold noose in May 1999, and was radio-tagged using necklace type collar. Both home-in and triangulation methods were adopted to record radio-locations and the home range was estimated using Minimum Convex Polygon method. The habitat use was studied by overlaying radiolocations and home range polygons on the spatial layer on vegetation, digital elevation model, aspect and slope, and also by studying random plots. Though trapping was tried for three months (April - June) with total trap efforts of 256 man-days and 6694 trap hours, trap success was very low for western tragopan (of just one bird). The overall home range of the radio-tagged bird was estimated to be 31.6 ha and for summer and autumn, the home range was 20.5ha and 4.7ha respectively. The bird moved between the elevation ranges 2530m and 2710m in summer and between 2440m and 2530m in autumn, and in both the seasons the bird was using broad leaf dominated forests with moderate level of canopy cover and shrub density. Though conclusive results could not be drawn from a study based on just one individual, the findings appear to largely concur with the earlier studies on the species and its congeners.
Santel Galliformes Survey: a possible extension of Pipar Pheasant Reserve, Annapuma Conservation Area, Central Nepal. A Report
(World Pheasant Association and Annapurna Conservation Area Project (Nepal), 2001) Baral, H.S.; Gurung, P.C.; Paul, R.; Ramesh, K.
Management of forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forests productivity, A new perspective - Vol. VI : Terai Conservation Areas (TCA)
(WII-USDA Forest Service, 2002) Kumar, H.; Mathur, P.K.; Lahmkuhl, J.F.; Khati, D.V.S.; De, R.; Longwah, W.
The principal aim of the project was to demonstrate an approach to achieving integration of concerns in India for biological diversity, forest based products, and their sustained flow in support of technological, economic and social benefits to urban and rural sector lifestyles. To accomplish this, the project set forth the following six objectives that addressed ecological assessment in “conservation areas” that included relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, managed forests with current forestry interventions under a variety of harvest systems, and intervening matrix landscapes that support subsistence and related market based rural economies. Project Objectives : • Assess, document, and map the kinds, extent and distribution of plant and animal diversity in selected ”conservation areas” through rapid survey methods.• Use existing status and habitat relationships information to set up baseline habitat relationships information system. • From stand-to landscape-level perspectives, evaluate the impact of existing forestry practices and use of forest-based resources by local people, including methods of harvests and collection, fires, operation of varied concessions and rights on micro habitat elements, key habitats, species, communities, the overall forest productivity and diversity. • Rapidly assess the social and economic systems of surrounding villages in terms of varied land use and forest resource dependency, including raising and grazing of domestic livestock, other vocations, skills, economy, and markets. These will be seen in relationship to forest systems. Threats to ecological harmony and economical status of people will be documented. • Use modern ecological concepts to develop practical management tools and practices for bringing about harmony within and between forest and village systems through sustainable land use practices that make social and economic sense. Document problems and threat mitigation prescriptions, and develop site specific field guides to management. • Conduct workshops and seminars to share experiences, disseminate knowledge, and begin the process of training scientists and managers
Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forests Productivity, A New Perspective - Volume III: Anaimalai Conservation Area (ACA).
(WII-USDA Forest Service, 2002) Sajeev T.K.; Srivastava, S.K.; Raphael, Martin G.; Dutt, Sugato; Ramachandran, N.K.; Tyagi, Praveen C.
The principal aim of the project was to demonstrate an approach to achieving integration of concerns in India for biological diversity, forest based products, and their sustained flow in support of technological, economic and social benefits to urban and rural sector lifestyles. To accomplish this, the project set forth the following six objectives that addressed ecological assessment in “conservation areas” that included relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, managed forests with current forestry interventions under a variety of harvest systems, and intervening matrix landscapes that support subsistence and related market based rural economies.
Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forests Productivity, A New Perspective - Volume IV : Garo Hills Conservation Area (GCA)
(WII-USDA Forest Service, 2002) Kumar, A.; Gupta, A.K.; Marcot, B.G.; Saxena, A.; Singh, S.P.; Marak, T.T.C.
The principal aim of the project was to demonstrate an approach to achieving integration of concerns in India for biological diversity, forest based products, and their sustained flow in support of technological, economic and social benefits to urban and rural sector lifestyles. To accomplish this, the project set forth the following six objectives that addressed ecological assessment in “conservation areas” that included relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, managed forests with current forestry interventions under a variety of harvest systems, and intervening matrix landscapes that support subsistence and related market based rural economies.
Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forests Productivity, A New Perspective - Volume II : Wildlife-habitat relationships (WHR) in Conservation area
(WII-USDA Forest Service, 2002) Mathur, P.K.; Lehmkuhl, J.F.; Sawarkar, V.B.
the principal aim of the project was to demonstrate an approach to achieving integration of concerns in India for biological diversity, forest based products, and their sustained flow in support of technological, economic and social benefits to urban and rural sector lifestyles. To accomplish this, the project set forth the following six objectives that addressed ecological assessment in “conservation areas” that included relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, managed forests with current forestry interventions under a variety of harvest systems, and intervening matrix landscapes that support subsistence and related market based rural economies
Management of Forests in India for Biological Diversity and Forests Productivity, A New Perspective - Volume V: Satpura Conservation Area (SCA)
(WII-USDA Forest Service, 2002) Pant, A.; Chavan, S.G.; Banubakode, S.B.; Holthausen, R.; Sawarkar, V.B.; Sen, S.; Wankhade, R.
The principal aim of the project was to demonstrate an approach to achieving integration of concerns in India for biological diversity, forest based products, and their sustained flow in support of technological, economic and social benefits to urban and rural sector lifestyles. To accomplish this, the project set forth the following six objectives that addressed ecological assessment in “conservation areas” that included relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, managed forests with current forestry interventions under a variety of harvest systems, and intervening matrix landscapes that support subsistence and related market based rural economies.