Ecology of Asiatic lions in Saurashtra, Gujarat - Final Project report (2011-2016)

Abstract

Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is a conservation icon and elucidates a success story of conservation in modern India. With single isolated population and a small founder base, it typifies all the challenges of global carnivore conservation. Lions ranged from Persia to Palamau in eastern India till early 18th century, but were almost driven to extinction by indiscriminate hunting and habitat loss by late 1880‟s. A single relict population of less than 50 lions persisted in the Gir forests of Gujarat by 1890's. With stringent protection offered by the Nawabs of Junagadh and subsequently by the State run Gujarat Forest department, Gir lions have increased to a current population of over 500 accompanied by a subsequent range expansion. Lions were restricted to the Gir forests (1,800 km2) till the early 1980's, but have since dispersed to occupy over 20,000 km2 of human dominated agro-pastoral landscape of Saurashtra. Currently lions occupy the Gir Protected Area (PA), 180 km2 Girnar forests and over 15,000 km2 of coastal scrublands and agro-pastoral landscapes of Junagadh, Amreli, Gir Somnath and Bhavnagar districts. An in-depth understanding is required on how lions live within and outside the Protected Area. The magnitude and dimensions of conflict with human interests, and gene flow between different widely spaced breeding units in light of current and future development within the Greater Gir landscape. The current study investigates lion ecology with emphasis on space use, resource selection and aspects of human-lion conflicts to assist formulating a viable future lion conservation strategy for the landscape. On submission of first phase‟s findings to the Gujarat Forest Department (GFD) and WII-TRAC through technical reports, an extension for the second phase of this project was procured in 2011 with the aim of assisting the managers to formulate landscape level lion conservation policies based on informed research and robust scientific approaches. During the tenure of this project, WII was mandated by the CWLW, Gujarat state to take up three additional research components – 1) assessment of potential habitat corridor landscape between Gir and Girnar and 2) estimation of leopard (Panthera pardus) abundance in Girnar and 3) ecological and social potential of Barda for reintroduction of Asiatic lions. All these components were successfully addressed and findings were communicated to the GFD as individual reports as well as summarized herein.