WII Technical Reports

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    A rapid assessment of herpetofaunal diversity in Manas-Bhutan transboundary landscape
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2014) Das, A.; Sharma, P.; Harikrishnan, S.; Ghosh, S.; Nath, A.; Dhar, D.; Mondol, J.; Wangdi, Y.
    This report provides a rapid assessment of the herpetofaunal diversity at the World Heritage site Manas which acts as a transboundary complex for a variety of species. The survey was conducted between 16 June 2014-23 June 2014. In Manas National park (MNP), India we surveyed Mathanguri, Doimari, Kuribeel, Uchila, Lotajhar and Bansbari areas and in Royal Manas National Park (RMNP), Bhutan, we surveyed Manas range and Panbang area. We used visual encounter search; opportunistic search and pitfall method to document the diversity of herpetofaunal species. Habitats surveyed include semi-evergreen forest, moist mixed deciduous forest, grassland, wetland and marshy areas. From MNP, we recorded 17 species of amphibians belonging to 13 genera and five families. Record of Feihyla vittatus, Rhacophorus maximus, Rhabdophis himalayanus and Microhyla butleri are significant. From RMNP, we recorded 12 species of amphibians belonging to 10 genera. 31% of all the recorded species from RMNP constitute new report for Bhutan. Among amphibians, Uperodon globulosus and Ingerana borealis are a new addition to Bhutan fauna. Records of Calotes maria, Cnemaspis assamensis, Ptyctolaemus gularis, Varanus salvator from RMNP also adds to new records for Bhutan. Among the recorded species, Python bivittatus and Varanus bengalensis have been accorded the highest legal protection status, under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Naja naja, Ophiophagus hannah and Xenochrophis piscator are listed in Schedule II, while all the other snake species are under Schedule IV of the Act. Of the recorded species Varanua bengalensis, Melanochelys tricarinata are under Appendix I of CITES, Varanus salvator, Python bivittatus, Hardella thurjii, Melanochelys trijuga, Indotestudo elongata, Ophiophagus hannah, are listed in Appendix II of CITES. The only amphibian species Hoplobatrachus tigerinus is under CITES II and Xenochrophis piscator is under Appendix III of CITES.
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    A rapid field survey of tigers and prey in Dibang Valley district, Arunachal Pradesh
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2014) Gopi, G.V.; Qureshi, Qamar; Jhala, Y.V.
    The Dibang valley district is the largest district of Arunachal Pradesh with an area of 9129 sq km and is also the least populated district of the country with approximately 1 person/sq km. The district shares international borders in the north, North West and Eastern sides with Tibet (China), the South Western region is bound by Upper Siang district and the Southern Side is bound by lower Dibang Valley district. This district was chosen to survey for tigers and their prey due to the recent rescue of tiger cubs from the district in Angrim valley during december 2012. Our survey confirms the occurrence of tigers in the district. We camera trapped the first ever image of an adult tiger from the Dibang valley Wildlife Sanctuary. We also observed 10 pubmarks and collected 11 scats in and around the WLS. All the 24 people whom we informally interviewed confirmed the presence of tigers in the WLS and reported either having had a direct sighting, observed indirect evidences or heard about livestock depredation incidents by the tigers. Preliminary assessment of prey suggest that the WLS holds a good diversity and abundance of prey like Takin Budorcis taxicolor taxicolor, wild pig Sus crofa, Goral Naemorhaedus goral, Musk deer Moschus fuscus, Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak, Himalayan Serow Capricornis thar and Mithun Bos frontalis which can sustain a good population of tigers in the DWLS. The DWLS has the potential of becoming a tiger reserve in future as it may harbour a very important source population of tigers in this region, However the next immediate priority must be to ensure that this vital tiger population is protected and continuously monitored. This can be achieved by a collaborative effort between NTCA, WII, GoAP and most importantly the local people by conducting long term research to establish robust ecological and genetic baselines that can aid in long term conservation and monitoring of tigers, co-predators, prey and their habitats in this unique landscape that in part of a global biodiversity hotspot.
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    A rapid herpetofaunal assessment in Lower Subansiri and Papum-Pare district, Arunchal Pradesh, India survey report 2020
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2020) Das, Abhijit; Boruah, Bitupan
    Present study yielded 36 species of herpetofauna, of which amphibians represented by 19 species and reptiles by 17 species. All recorded amphibian species are anuran of which, Amolops marmoratus, A. monticola, Raorchestes sp., Zhangixalus smaragdinus, Theloderma asperum, Ingerana borealis and Fejervarya sp. were commonly observed in Potin. In Lichi species such as Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Fejervarya sp. were commonly encountered. Species belonging to the genus Liurana were only recorded from Talle WLS. Among the recorded reptiles, snake represented by 11 species and lizards represented by six species. Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Cyrtodactylus sp., Sphenomorphus sp. and Calotes jerdonii were frequently recorded in Potin. Study also recorded rare species of reptiles such as Boiga quincunciata and Pseudocalotes austeniana from Potin and Talle WLS respectively. During the study period, species richness was high in Potin as maximum survey was carried out in Potin than that of Lichi and Talle WLS. Few species recorded in the present study are identified upto generic level or referred to closely related species as systematic study of those species is needed. However, the number of herpetofaunal species in the study region will increase with further study as the present study was carried out for a short period. Besides recorded species of herpetofauna, the present study also documents species that were either conferred to closely related species (e.g., Polypedates cf. himalayanus, Asymblepharus cf. sikimmensis) or their identity remains to be ascertained (e.g., Nanorana sp., Raorchestes sp., Cyrtodactylus sp.). However, the present study was carried out for a short period and it indicates the number of herpetofaunal species in the study region will increase with further systematic study. The record
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    A report on population and density estimation of leopards in Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2012) Jhala, Y.V.; Basu, Arnab
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    A study of resource selection by black kites Milvus migrans in the Urban landscape of National Captial Region, India
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2014) Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Qamar; Sergio, Fabrizio; Kumar, Nishant
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    A study on Ecology and migration of the Lesser Florican (Sypheotides indica) in Western India using satellite techniques
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2016) Sivakumar, K.; Jhala, Y.V.; Bhardwaj, G.S.; Mohan, A.
    The Lesser Florican Sypheotides indica, a species endemic to the Indian subcontinent, is largely seen during the monsoon season in north-western India, where it breeds. Its population and range is believed to be decreasing at an alarming rate due to breeding habitat loss and threats in the non-breeding habitats, believed to be in south and south-east India. In this connection, to understand the present status, distribution and non-breeding habitats of Lesser florican in the north-western India i.e. in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, this study was initiated in the month of August 2010, which is a art of breeding season of this species, when most of males display in the grasslands. 2. In 2010, a total of 84 individual Lesser floricans (83 male and 1 female) were sighted in three states of north-western India, which is less than 65% of the sightings reported in 1999. It was found significantly fewer sightings than reported in 1999 in all grasslands surveyed (t=2.81, df=14, p<0.05). Of the 169 potential grasslands available for floricans in the north-western India, 91 grasslands were surveyed, which include grasslands surveyed during 1999. Of the surveyed grasslands, Lesser floricans were found in 24 grasslands as against 37 grasslands in 1999. 3. At Shokhaliya, two male floricans (Florikin I and II) were tagged on 10th of August, 2014 with PTT transmitters that are solar-powered Platform Terminal Transmitters (PTTs: Microwave Telemetry, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA) weighed less than 3% of body mass of birds. 4. FLORIKIN-I: The male florican that was tagged with 18g Agros PPT- 100 (Platform no.125812) had spent 112 days in breeding site and then left the site (Shokaliya) on 11th November 2014. The bird moved for 94 km towards south direction and settled down in grasslands/croplands of north of the Bhilwara, Rajasthan. The bird covered this distance in 5 days and 8 hours (including stopover times) with four stopovers. Each stopover last for one to two days. All the stopovers were in the croplands or fallow lands. Florikin-I flew at the speed of 0.73 km/hr which includes stopover days. The transmitter was active until May 2015. PTT lost the signal when the bird just started moving towards Ajmer from Bhilwara in the month of May, 2015. 5. FLORIKIN-II: He was tagged with 22g GPS/Argos PTT had transmitted data for 35 days after that it failed to function, the reason remained unknown, but it provided much more precise insight into the lekking behavior of this species. The available data shows that the Florican can shift the displaying territory within an arena during a breeding season. Three times this bird had shifted his territory and spent considerable time in each territory. All these three territories of Florikin-II were within the home range of 6.8 sq.km area (MCP100%). The same kind of territory shifting behaviour was observed in Florikin-I as well. 6. Both Florikin I and II, left their territory and moved to a different site after a week of tagging. Total days spent in breeding season/area by Florikin-I were 122 days. During that period the home range of Florican-I was estimated as 12.46sq.km when 5% locations excluded (MCP 95%) and 30sq.km when all location were included (MCP 100%). Similarly, the home range of Florikin-II was within 6.8 sq.km (MCP 100%) 7. Territory shift within Lek Arena was observed in Floricans. Both the tagged floricans could shift the displaying territory but within the arena. Agricultural activities such as weeding, pesticides applications and growth of crops (like Millet) might have also influenced this short distance territory shifts. 8. After the breeding season, one of the tagged florican i.e. Florikin I which had active PTT left the breeding ground on 11th November 2014 to non-breeding grounds. It reached the non-breeding grounds on 15th November 2014 which was 87 km (aerial) 94 km (polygon) away from the breeding ground. During this 87 km long migration, it stopped at four places (nearby villages Goyla (26º 60' 54" N, 74º 55' 36" E), Keriya kurd (26º 03' 43" N, 74º 53' 42" E), Peepaliya (25º 59' 17" N, 74º 49' 52" E) and Sardarpura (25º 49' 21" N, 74º 49' 51" E). All these stopovers were near the water bodies with grasslands. In each stopover that last for one to two days. This bird flew at the speed of 0.73 km/hr which include the stopover time. 9. Habitats of the migratory route of Florikin I were mostly comprised of croplands (Cotton and Millet) with mosaic of grass/herbs cover at least 40% to 50% of the total land cover. 10. Non-breeding habitat of Florikin I was located at Bhilwara, Rajasthan, largely comprising agricultural crops with mosaic of scrub forests consists of Prosopis juliflora. At Bhilwara region, this bird stayed for first 17days at one place where the home range was 6.1 sq.km (MCP 100%) and then moved into another place and stayed for 177 days till 29th March 2015 where the home range was 2.9 sq.km (MCP 100%). The distance between these two non-breeding areas was 9.53 km. 11. General habitat of non-breeding area of florican was Prosophis juliflora (34.18%) followed by Agriculture land with crop and without crop (19.47%), grassland (18.93%), water logged but this land dried during the summer 10.29%), Barren land (8.28%) and human built (6.61%. 12. Though the sample size was low, our study indicate that the all floricans won’t migrate a long distance from the breeding areas. Their non-breeding grounds probably near to breeding areas within distance of 200 to 300 km and gather during the breeding season in the breeding ground. 13. In 2014, the population of floricans was estimated using both traditional (Area Search method) and ‘Occupancy Modelling with Distance Sampling’ methods. Using the Occupancy Model, it was estimated that the population size of floricans was 1091 floricans (689 to 1729) (Uniform cosine function x2 p=80.8, AIC=659.6) and estimation the ESW at 213.7 m ranging 185.3−246.4). Detection probability=0.56 (0.48 to 0.65). The generated global density estimate is 1.19 Floricans per sq.km. However, sightings of floricans in the breeding grounds from 2010 to 2014 were varied between years.
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    A study on sympatric carnivores (Tiger, leopard and wild dog) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamilnadu, India : final report
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2011) Sankar, K.
    A detailed long-term study on prey selection, food habits and population status of sympatric large carnivores (tiger, leopard and dhole) was documented in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu from January 2008 to April 2010.The objectives of the study were to estimate density, group size and composition for prey species of sympatric carnivores, study the food habits and prey selectivity of sympatric carnivores and to estimate the population of sympatric carnivores. The study area was divided into 3 x 3 km2 grids for line transect sampling. In each grid, a line transect (1.5 to 3.13 km) was laid (n = 33) along which the prey density was estimated for two successive years (January 2008 to December 2010). Prey species availability was estimated using line transect method in an intensive study area of 180 km2 comprising dry thorn, deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. The total length of line transects was 41.3 km. Each line transect was walked thrice in the dry season (January to April) and wet season (May to December) yielding a total effort of 369.45 km. Vehicle transects were used to estimate group size and composition of prey species in the intensive study area. Five vehicle transect routes ranging from 15 to 23 km were monitored. Total transect length of 93.5 km was monitored twice a month resulting in a total effort of 3740 km.
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    Assessing the impacts of Power-lines on avian species in the Arid plains of Western Gujarat : Final Technical Report
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2021) Kumar, R.S.; Baroth, A.
    The Kachchh landscape in western Gujarat has witnessed rapid industrial growth in the last few decades. Also, the landscape has a high potential for wind energy generation and as a result, a number of wind farms have been established and continue to expand. Rapid industrialization and wind energy production has resulted in extensive power-line network crisscrossing the landscape. These energy infrastructures are known to pose potential risks to birds primarily those that are large-bodied in the form of collision and electrocution mortality. In lieu of this, a -four study was carried out in the Kachchh landscape to assess the impact of power-lines on large avian species in the arid plains of western Gujarat. In order to assess the power-line collision risk, data were collected at multiple levels, which includes (1) mapping the network of transmission lines in the Kachchh district, (2) GPS telemetry of six flamingos (two Greater and four Lesser Flamingo) (3) flight behavior of cranes around power-line, and (4) mortality surveys. The distribution and abundance of migratory Raptors were studied on three selected sites across Kachchh to know the electrocution risk to raptors. Also, surveys were carried out to collect data on space use by Common Crane with respect to wind farms to study the impacts of windmills on large birds. Finally, the data were analyzed using GIS modelling and various R packages to understand the space-use by large birds and identify risky power-line stretches that could pose threats to large birds. The analysis of Flamingo distribution surveys revealed that greater flamingos are widely distributed and occur in a much larger area than Lesser Flamingo. The analysis of tracking data showed that Flamingos make a greater number of flights during the breeding season. Further, it was documented that Lesser Flamingo use saltpans and mudflats primarily while Greater Flamingo used inland wetlands and coastal areas more often. The comparison of flight time showed that flamingos make most of the flights during night time. In the case of Cranes, Common cranes occurred in both agricultural and grassland habitats, while Demoiselle cranes were more localized and used only agricultural fields and feeding stations where local people practice food provisioning. Flamingos tracking data helped identify two main flight corridors, one at Nanda Bet and one at Surajbari, through which they made flights. These two corridors are also the only entry points from mainland Gujarat to Kachchh and hence are the corridor for transmission lines. As a result, these transmission lines are suggested to be a potential threat to Flamingos. The overlaying of transmission lines on the suitable habitat of Flamingos and Cranes revealed that 6% and 39% of the total power-line length is falling in Flamingo and Crane suitable habitats, respectively. It was found that 84.4% and 70% of total occasions, Lesser Flamingo and Greater Flamingo crossed power-lines during night times while making long-distance flights. The flight behavior observations of Common Crane around power-lines showed that 81% of total flocks observed altered either their flight path or their flight height.The data on raptor distribution with respect to distribution lines revealed that the Banni area has a high encounter rate (0.6 sightings/km) of raptor species and is home to several large raptors. The distribution lines in the Kachchh district do not have bird-safe spacing between conducting parts and hence can pose a potential risk to large raptors. The study investigating the impact of windmills on the space-use by Common Crane revealed that the encounter rate of Common Crane flocks in the areas dominated by windmills is six times less than in the areas with no windmills, suggesting possible functional habitat loss for the large birds due to windmills. This study is the first detailed landscape-scale effort to assess risks by energy infrastructure on avian species that forms a baseline for any future site-specific impact assessment studies in the region. This project identified the areas where powerlines likely pose a threat to large birds such as Flamingo and Crane. This study also suggests different strategies to minimize the impacts of existing and future energy infrastructure in different habitats in the Kachchh region
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    Assessing the physiological stress in gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) during translocation: Final Project Report.
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2024) Farooqui, H.N.; Rajput, N.,; Jawre, S.; Vishwakarma, R.; Bhandari, B.; Habib, B,; Krishnamoorthy, L.; Dubey, A.; Om, H.; Sengar, A.; Nigam, Parag
    To assess the impact of capture and translocation on animals, it becomes imperative to study the associated risks and possible negative effects, if any. These effects can be determined by evaluating physical, physiological and behavioural effects on animals at the time of capture,
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    Assessing the potential for reintroducing the Cheetah in India
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2010) Ranjitsinh, M.K.; Jhala, Y.V.
    Reintroductions of large carnivores have increasingly been recognised as a strategy to conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions. The cheetah is the only large carnivore that has been extirpated, mainly by over-hunting in India in historical times. India now has the economic ability to consider restoring its lost natural heritage for ethical as well as ecological reasons. With this context, a consultative meeting of global experts was held at Gajner in september, 2009. A consensus was reached at this meeting for conducting a detailed survey in selected sites to explore the potential of reintroducing the cheetah in India. The Honourable Minister of Environment and Forests, Shri Jairam Ramesh, mandated the Wildlife Institute of India and the Wildlife Trust of India with this task. 2) In this report we assess 10 sites from seven landscapes located in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, for their potential to harbour viable reintroduced cheetah populations. We conduct field surveys to collect data on prey abundances, local community dependencies on forest resources and their attitudes towards wildlife, and use remotely-sensed data to assess habitat size. We compute current and potential carrying capacity of the sites to support cheetah as well as assess the long term viability of the introduced population, using Population Habitat Viability Analysis. 3) Amongst the seven surveyed landscapes, the landscape that contained Sanjay National Park, Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary and Guru Ghasidas National Park was the largest, covering over 12,500 km2. It is in this landscape that the cheetah continued to survive till after India’s Independence. However, today this landscape is characterised by low prey densities, probably due to poaching by tribal communities that reside within the protected areas. The three protected areas were currently estimated to have the capacity to support about 14 cheetah. With restorative and managerial inputs under the Project Tiger scheme available for Sanjay National Park and Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary, these protected areas are likely to improve and could potentially support over 30 cheetah, while the landscape could hold upto 60 individuals We recommend that Guru Ghasidas National Park in Chhattisgarh also be considered under the Project Tiger scheme as it is well connected with Sanjay National Park and Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary. We recommend that this landscape be restored and re-evaluated before considering cheetah reintroduction here in the future. 4) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary is a part of the Sheopur-Shivpuri forested landscape, which had the second largest area (6,800 km2) amongst the surveyed sites. This site was rated high on the priority list for considering the reintroduction of the cheetah, because a lot of restorative investment has already been made here for introducing the Asiatic lions. The Protected Area was estimated to have a current capacity to sustain 27 cheetah, which could be enhanced to over 32 individuals by addition of some more forested areas (120 km2) to the Kuno Sanctuary and managing the surrounding 3,000 km2 forested habitat as a buffer to the Kuno Sanctuary. Once a cheetah population establishes itself within the Sanctuary, dispersers would colonize the landscape and potentially hold over 70 individuals. This would not preclude the reintroduction of the lion once the cheetah population is established and the two introductions would complement each other. Indeed, Kuno offers the prospect of all the four large forest felids of India to coexist as they did in the past. 5) The Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (1197 km2) in Madhya Pradesh is part of a forested landscape of 5,500 km2. Cheetah prey densities were reasonable in this area and the site was considered favourable to be considered for a reintroduction. Based on current prey densities the area could support 25 cheetah. We recommend the designation of 750 km2 as a core area of the sanctuary and relocate about 23 human settlements from the core with generous and adequate compensation. Our assessment indicates that the local communities would prefer to relocate for better livelihood and modern facilities. The site could then support over 50 cheetah as a source population, while the Nauradehi landscape could harbour over 70 individuals. 6) Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh and Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh formed a continuous habitat. However, potential cheetah habitat in this area was small (less than 500 km2), as much of the land is under agriculture. Though the prey densities were reasonably high due to good management and law enforcement, the site was not considered further due to its small size and as it was likely to have a high level of conflict with an introduced cheetah population. 7) The Shahgarh landscape on the international border in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan was found to be suitable for introducing cheetah. As the area is fenced along the international border, we propose to additionally fence off the bulge area by constructing another 140 km long chain-link fence, so as to encompass about 4000 km2 of xerophytic habitat. Within this area about 80 seasonally used human settlements, each having 5-10 households, would need to be relocated with adequate and generous compensation and alternate arrangements provided. Though the prey species diversity was less (primarily chinkara) in Shahgarh, the area could currently support about 15 cheetah and had the potential to sustain 40 cheetah with habitat management within the large fenced ecosystem. 8) Desert National Park in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, was reasonably large (3162 km2) with a fairly good prey availability. However, the area is heavily grazed by livestock and is the last stronghold for the great Indian bustard. The introduced cheetah are likely to come into severe conflict with local communities and may be a potential threat to the endangered great Indian bustard. For this reason the Desert National Park was not considered ideal for cheetah reintroduction. 9) Banni grasslands and Kachchh Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat cover a vast arid landscape of which over 5800 km2 could be considered as potential cheetah habitat. The wild prey abundance was extremely low with no current potential for considering introduction of a large carnivore. However, the area has potential and with restoration, livestock grazing management and law enforcement the area could bounce back and could potentially support over 50 cheetah. If the Gujarat Government takes serious steps to restore this landscape, then the site could be re-evaluated at a later date. 10) Based on the above assessment, we recommend that cheetah could potentially be reintroduced at 1) Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh 2) Shahgarh Landscape in Jaisalmer, and 3) Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. All the three sites require preparation and resource investments to commence an introduction program. Long-term commitment of political will, resources and personnel is required from the Central and State Governments to implement this project successfully. 11)Depending on the availability of suitable animals and a continued supply, we propose to source cheetah from sites in Africa. We also propose collaboration with the Government of Iran and the world conservation community in assisting with the conservation of the Iranian cheetah, so as to reduce its risk of extinction and to re-establish viable wild populations. 12) Cheetah reintroduction would greatly enhance tourism prospects, especially at the sites, the cascading effects of which would benefit the local communities. Cheetah as a flagship would evoke a greater focus on the predicament of the much abused dry-land ecosystems and the need to manage them, which would benefit pastoralism in India where the largest livestock population in the world resides, the large majority of it being free-ranging. 13)As a way ahead, we propose that the Government of India and the concerned State Governments approve of the sites recommended in this report and commence allocation of resources, personnel and restorative actions for a reintroduction program. Once approved, a more detailed study of the selected sites and of the costing of the project would have to be undertaken and project implementation could there after commence. 14) The venture must be viewed not simply as an introduction of a species, however charismatic it may be, but as an endeavour to better manage and restore some of our most valuable yet most neglected ecosystems and the species dependent upon
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    Assessment of amphibians and reptilian diversity along Ganga river : progress report
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2021) Das, Abhijit; Hussain, S.A.; Johnson, J.A.; Boruah, Bitupan
    In the present study an attempt has been made to survey the herpetofaunal diversity along Ganga River. The objectives of the study are to determine the species richness and diversity of herpetofauna along Ganga and Alaknanda river ii. To map the distribution of herpetofaunal species along Ganga and Alaknanda river iii. To study the reproductive biology of threatened amphibian species of the Ganga River Basin
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    Assessment of capacity and training needs of key government staff and community members/institutions for a long term effective biodiversity conservation and development of a framework for implementaton in SECURE Himalaya project landscape in selected districts of Himachal Pradesh
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2021) Lyngdoh, Salvador; Sathyakumar, S.; Bhatnagar, Y.V.; Pandev, B.
    The SECURE Himalaya project pertaining to the high-altitude Trans-Himalayan region for the improved demand management of high range Himalayan landscapes for the conservation of Snow Leopard, other endangered species, their habitats, and sustaining ecosystem services in a novel initiative aimed at achieving conservation goals through a holistic approach. A major component of the project, titled “Assessment of capacity and training needs of key government staff and community members/institutions for long-term effective biodiversityconser vation, and development of a framework for implementation in SECURE Himalaya Project landscapes (Lahaul, Pangi and Kinnaur) of Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII, Dehradun). This component aims to assess the capacities and training needs of key stakeholders and develop a framework and specific training modules for the targeted stakeholders' capacity development. This report conceptualizes the approach of capacity development through training need assessment of identified stakeholders. It outlines the methods adopted based on consultations with various stakeholders, experts, managers and policy makers. Major gaps documented in the landscape with respect to various stakeholders were identified. Modules and capacity development schedules have been suggested to meet the needs for awareness on biodiversity conservation, enhanced training on wildlife monitoring techniques, interventions for reducing human wildlife conflict and strengthening enforcement. We mapped and categorized each stakeholders and their roles in the landscape. A training Need Assessment (TNA) of the target stakeholder through local meetings, workshops and focal as well as instead with the stakeholders documented opportunities for national and state training and research institutions to contribute to the capacity development of the landscape. We prepared detailed and specific training modules for multi-stakeholders through the TNA exercise. Training have been designed to meet the needs concerning their role in long-term biodiversity awareness, conservation, monitoring and enforcement. Hitherto, training modules were categorized into three themes: Biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity monitoring and Sustainable management and livelihood. Pilot training of trainer’s workshop on one of the modules, “Human-wildlife conflict mitigation,” for relevant stakeholders from the forest and different line departments was undertaken to further refine a capacity development framework, timeline and module development. The capacity development framework suggested in this report has been aligned with the indicators and outcomes of the SECURE Himalaya objectives. It is hoped that the exercise undertaken in this assignment will yield significant results with respect to enhancing the capacities of various stakeholders.
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    Assessment of cumulative impacts of hydroelectric projects on Aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi basins, Uttarakhand
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2012) Rajvanshi, Asha; Arora, Roshni; Mathur, V.B.; Sivakumar, K.; Sathyakumar, G.S.; Rawat, G.S.; Johnson, J.A.; Ramesh, K.; Dimri, Nandkishor; Maletha, Ajay
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    Assessment of current status of threatened and protected marine flora and fauna in trade in India
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2010) John, S.; Kumar, B.M. Praveen; Choudhury, B.C.; Sivakumar, K.
    The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, (WPA) prohibit the trade of protected marine species in India but illegal trade on these species was observed to be continuing in almost all maritime States and Union Territories. Illegal trade of these protected marine species was observed to be contributing marginal benefits to the rural fisher folks but it imperils the complex marine biodiversity in the country. Most of the elasmobranchs (Sharks, Rays and Skates) in India are threatened due to indiscriminate fishing. In India, seven species of marine elasmobranchs are protected by the WPA. Even though protected elasmobranchs were not encountered in the marine fish landing centres during the study period, their illegal trade cannot be completely ruled out. Majority of the elasmobranchs recorded in the fish landing centers were small in size. Ever increasing market demand for their meat, fins and cartilage are the major cause for this over exploitation. Among marine mammals the dugongs, dolphins and porpoises were caught either incidentally or deliberately in India. In many parts of coasts they have been traded in the domestic market although it was very occasional. Interviews with fisher folks revealed that dolphin meats were largely used for shark baiting than consumption. Occasional killing of dugong was also observed along the Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, and Andaman Islands. Meat and eggs of marine turtles are consumed in many parts of the coastal India. Sea turtle landings are not rare on the southern coasts of India especially in the coastal areas between Tuticorin and Trivandrum. Illegal trade of sea turtle’s meat were also observed along the Indian coasts but it is rare or nil in Orissa. Vizhinjam harbor in Kerala is one of the major marine fish landing centers in India where the turtles were regularly traded in the open market. Protected marine mollusks and corals are also illegally collected and sold as curios in several parts of the country especially near the popular tourist beaches and pilgrimage centers. Most of these marine mollusks and corals are collected from the coral rich reefs around Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. Beside, large quantities of seashells are also imported from Tanzania, Philippines and Sri Lanka to meet the local market demand. The imported seashells are then processed in Kanyakumari, Rameswaram and Tuticorin before sending to markets. Therefore, it would be difficult to differentiate the source of these materials whether they have been collected locally or imported from other countries. These processed materials are then either exported to other countries or traded locally. The size classes of these marine mollusks which have been observed in the markets were significantly smaller than the average size observed in the literatures, which itself infer that the populations in the wild have been over exploited and larger sized seashells have already became rare. Domestic markets for the illegal trade of seashells and corals are concentrated largely around pilgrimage and tourist areas. Among the west coast, major illegal marine curio trade exists in the state of Goa. Among the east coast, major domestic curio market was found in Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu). Lack of awareness, poverty, market demand and feeble enforcement are the major reasons for continuation of illegal trade on protected marine species in India. Therefore, integrated marine biodiversity conservation plan along with plan to upliftment of fishermen community is required to prevent illegal trade forever. Further, strengthening of infrastructure and capacity of enforcement agencies is also required to curb these illegal activities in the country. Most importantly, there should be an integration and cooperation between line departments such as Police, Customs, Forest, Fisheries and Coast Guard to successfully curb marine wildlife illegal trade in India.
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    Assessment of Ecological settings and biodiversity values of Papikonda National Park and Indira Sagar (Polavaram) Multipurpose project Impact zone in Andhra Pradesh for development of migratory measures
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2014) Sivakumar, K.; Johnson, J.A,.; Gokulakkannan, N.; Ray, Paromita; Katlam, Gitanjali; Bagaria, Priyamvada
    The Indira Sagar (Polavaram Project) Multipurpose Project envisages the construction of a zoned earth-cum-rock fill dam with an impervious core across the Godavari River in Polavaram. This project also includes the construction of two canals, viz. the Right Main Canal, extending over a distance of 174 km, and the Left Canal, extending over a distance of 181.5 km. The Right Canal will connect the water-surplus Godavari River with the water-deficient Krishna River in Vijayawada and supply 80 tmcft (226 MCM) of water to Budameru in Vijayawada. The Left Canal is designed to provide water to 12 lakh acres in the northern coastal districts besides meeting the drinking water needs of the urban and rural areas around these. It will connect with the Yeleru canal to bring water for industries (Vizag steel plant) and a drinking water supply. It will also supply the northern coastal districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam with irrigation water. Apart from boosting irrigation in the region, this project will also provide drinking water to 28 lakh people in 540 villages along the canals and generate around 960 MW of hydro-electricity. Despite these benefits, the project has come under scrutiny from various quarters, especially its adverse impacts on various ecosystems that are closely linked with the Godavari River. Further, an area of 3267 ha of land in Bhadrachalam (S), Bhadrachalam (N), Paloncha, Krishna, Eluru, Kakinada and Visakhapatnam forest divisions also needs to be diverted for submergence, construction of a power house, digging of canals, etc. In this context, as per the direction of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, vide their letter no. 8-123/2005-FC dated 26/29th December 2008, Point No. 7(ii), the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) initiated a short term (18-month) study to assess the impact of the project on the wild flora and fauna and the habitat and subsequently suggest mitigatory measures for the same. The status and distribution of certain taxa such as mammals, birds, herpertofauna and fishes were assessed using various census techniques. These included the use of line transects and camera traps and sign surveys for mammals, point counts for birds, quadrat methods for herpetofauna, CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) and market surveys for fishes and circular plots for vegetation assessment. Further, GIS and remote sensing tools were used to assess the land cover and land use pattern and potential impact of the project at the landscape level.
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    Assessment of forest communities and dependence of local people on NTFPs in Askot landscape, Uttarakhand, Phase 1
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2018) Bisht, S.; Adhikari, B.S.; Shrivastava, A.K.
    The study was conducted from January 2013 - October 2017 between 1000-3900 m in Gori and Dhauli sub-watersheds in Askot landscape in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand under Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP). A preliminary information was collected regarding vegetation community in the landscape through existing knowledge and reconnaissance surveys. Vegetation plots were laid to study the structure, composition and regeneration pattern in various forest communities in the landscape. Questionnaire survey was conducted in different villages to study the use pattern of various Non-Timber Forest Products and state of traditional knowledge among local communities. A checklist of 596 species of plants was prepared including some rare and endangered species, of which 132 trees, 121 shrubs, 24 climbers, 36 orchids and 283 herbs were recorded after carrying out a reconnaissance of the landscape. The collected vegetation data was analyzed and 11 forest communities were identified based on TWINSPAN viz, P. roxburghii, Q. floribunda, Q. leucotrichophora, Q. lanuginosa, A. nepalensis, T. dumosa, Q. semecarpifolia, M. duthiei, A. pindrow, P. wallichiana and B. utilis. Lopping, weed infestation, forest fire and grazing are some of the threats to the plant biodiversity in the landscape. A Species richness map and disturbance level map was prepared in Arc Gis for the landscape. Based on collected information, a list of nine potential indicator species (Polygonum, Strobilanthes, Diplazium, Ageratina adenophora, Alnus nepalensis, Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus lanuginosa, Macaranga pustulata, Rhododendron arboreum and Pinus roxburghii) were prepared. Three plant species (Ageratina adenophora, Alnus nepalensis, and Quercus leucotrichophora) were selected as indicator species, which will be used for long-term monitoring protocol to detect biodiversity change in the landscape by the local communities.
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    Assessment of forest communities and dependence of local people on NTFPs in Askot landscape, Uttarakhand, Phase 1 - report
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2015) Bisht, S.; Adhikari, B.S.; Uniyal, V.K.
    The Askot landscape represents a great diversity of ecosystems within a very short altitudinal range ie. from 600-7000 m. The assessment of vegetation was done during October, 2012 - October, 2014 covering the entire Gori sub-watershed between 600-2300 m in Askot Landscape in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand under Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP). A checklist of 573 species of plants was prepared including some rare and endangered species, of which 124 trees, 112 shrubs, 24 climbers, 35 orchids and 278 herbs were recorded after carrying out a reconnaissance of the valley. The data collected for vegetation was analysed and forest communities were identified based on TWINSPAN analysis and various village surveys were conducted to find out the use of various Non Timber Forest Products such as fuelwood, fodder, timber, medicinal plants etc. in the study area. A total of 11 forest communities were identified in the Gori valley, viz. Macaranga pustulata, Shorea robusta, Engelhardtia spicata, Diploknema butyracea, Pinus roxburghii, Alnus nepalensis, Quercus leucotrichophora, Litsea umbrosa, Quercus lanuginosa, Q. leucotrichophora-Neolitsea cuipala and Sorbus foliolosa along an elevational gradient between 600-2300m. It was observed that the total basal area of Q. lanuginosa forest was highest (38.8 m2 ha-1) followed by Q. leucotrichophora (32.7 m2 ha-1) and Pinus roxburghii (31.8 m2 ha-1) and minimum for Q. leucotrichophora-Neolitsea cuipala forest (10.8 m2 ha-1) and Sorbus foliolosa forest (9.2 m2 ha-1). Among Non Timber Forest Products 24, 26, 16 and 24 species were being used as fodder, fuelwood, timber and medicinal plants, respectively. Q. leucotrichophora has the highest preference among fodder followed by Bauhinia vahlii, Boehmeria rugulosa and Ougeinia oogenensis. Lyonia ovalifolia followed by Rhododendron arboreum, Q. leucotrichophora and Woodfordia fructicosa among fuelwood; Shorea robusta followed by Alnus nepalensis, Pinus roxburgii and Q. leucotrichophora among timber; and (ii) Eupatorium adenophorum followed by Terminalia chebula, Zanthoxylum alatum and Pleurospermum angelicoides among medicinal plants. Lopping, forest fire and weed infestation were among major cause of disturbance to forest resources. Impact of lopping on Quercus lanuginosa, Rhododendron arboreum and Q. leucotrichophora, forest fire in W and NW aspects due to the dominance of Chir pine forests and infestation of Cannabis sativa, Eupatorium adenophorum, Urtica dioica and Impatience edgeworthii was highest in NW aspect. The common species used for medicinal purposes by the villagers were Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Litsea monopetala, Celtis australis, Bauhinia vahlii, Syzygium cumini, Myrica esculenta, Berginia ciliata, Oxalis corniculata, Eupatorium adenophorum, Adhatoda zeylanica, Terminalia chebula, Cissampelos pareira, Viola canescens, Fragaria nubicola, Tinospora cordifolia and different orchid species in Gori valley. Twelve potential plant indicator species viz., Chimnobambusa falcata, Eupatorium adenophorum, Alnus nepalensis, Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus lanuginosa, Macaranga pustulata, Rhododendron arboreum, Pinus roxburghii, Aconitum heterophyllum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea Picrorhiza kurrooa and Pleurospermum angelicoides were identified based on the information collected during the surveys as well as through secondary information. The distribution map of each species was generated according to climatic zone in ArcGIS software along with their potential distribution range. Finally, a species richness map was prepared to show the high species richness zone in the study area.
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    Assessment of habitat use by black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) and eflows of Nyamjang Chu Hydroelectric Project in Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh
    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2018) Gopi, G.V.; Johnson, J.A.; Adhikari, B.S.; Bhattacharya, M.; Wattham, T.; Sivakumar, K.
    Nyamjang Chu River flowing in Zemithang valley of Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh is on e of the only two known Black-necked crane wintering sites in India. In 2006, the Government of Arunachal Pradesh awarded the development of a hydropower project in the Nymjang Chu River at Zemithang valley to Bhilwara Energy Limited. On behalf of BEL WAPCOS ltd and RS Envirolink technologies pvt. limited carried out the EIA and EMP were strongly opposed and challenged by many scientific as well as social institutions. Citing flaws in the methods adopted for floral and faunal studies the baseline setting for the ecological aspects and prediciton of impacts on wildlife habitat and environment of the region. Recently the honorable National Green Tribunal (NGT) observed gross errors in the EIA and EMP such as omission of key, rare and threatened species such as omission of key, rare and threatened species such as the Black-necked crane in the report and ordererd that the WII to conduct a detailed study in this regard. The primary scope of the WII study was to assess the habitat requirements of the Black-necked crane and Assess the environmental flows requirement for protection and conservation of Black-necked crane habitats at the proposed Nyamjang Chu Hydroelectric project site in Zemithang valley