Technical Reports
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Item Spatial analysis of livestock predation by lions in the Greater Gir landscape(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2018) Jhala, Y.V.; Singh, A.P.; Gogoi, Keshab; Chakrabarti, S.; Singh, P.; Nala, R.R.; Kumar, S.; Karuppasamy, T.; Sakkira, B.; Ram, M.; GandhiData on livestock kill by carnivores (lion and leopard) were collected from the districts of Junagadh, Amreli, Gir Somnath and Bhavnagar, accounting for 914 villages between 2012-13 to 2016-17. These data were further translated into English, digitized and spatially mapped in GIS. We obtained remotely sensed as well as spatial covariate layers of forest cover, lion refuge patches, drainages and nigh-light intensity. We conducted a fixed Kernel analysis of spatially explicit livestock predation events at the village resolution to obtain a consolidate “predation risk map” of the landscape on a relative scale and used it for subsequent analysis. The tehsils of Jafrabad, Gir gadhada, Amreli, Dhari, Khambha and Rajula recorded highest livestock predation by lions. A temporal increasing trend was observed for number of lion-predation events as well as in the spatial extent of predations. More importantly the intensity (number of livestock kills/village/year) of livestock predation showed an increasing trend (R2= 0.73, P= 0.06, slope = 15 % (SE 0.05)), this suggests not only an increase in the spatial extent of the conflict but also a substantial increase in the magnitude of conflict within the same spatial extent. A logistic regression, given by: Ln Odds Ratio (occurrence of lion predation) = -0.16 + 0.76 * distance to forest + 0.54* distance to lion habitat; (Wald’s p < 0.05). The increasing trend in the extant and intensity of livestock predation by lion was indicative of an increasing lion population but of concern in maintaining the tolerance of local communities towards lions co-existing with them. A significant deficit between the market rate and compensated amount for lion predation (R² = 0.74, p=0.06) was observed with an increasing trend. As a management strategy we recommend a revision of compensation rates to match the market price and an efficient system to pay compensation promptly. Improved husbandry practices and, as well as managing lion density below social carrying capacity is recommended. This would help maintaining tolerance towards lion under an increasingly conflict scenario.Item Recovery of Dugongs and their habitats in India : an integrated participatory approach - Annual Progress Report III(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2019) WIIDugong (Dugong dugon), also called 'Sea Cow', occurs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Gulf of Kutch in India. These marine mammals are herbivores which spend their full life in the sea. They are the only extant species of the family Dugongidae. All existing members of the order Sirenia (including the Dugong) are listed as vulnerable to extinction. All populations of Dugong are also listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). Several reasons have been attributed to their population decline, some of which include seagrass habitat loss and degradation, gill netting, disease, chemical pollutants, consumptive use, and hunting. 2. Major objectives of this program is to a) Assess dugong population status through advanced census techniques and determine its abundance and distribution, identify critical habitats, classify threats and develop site-specific monitoring plan to reduce poaching and incidental entanglements, b) Characterize the critical dugong habitats, reduce direct and indirect threats, c) Raise awareness on the species and encourage the participation of the local communities; and d) Enhance the capacity of the State Forest Department staff and develop/implement smart patrolling tools to improve protection enforcement; train forest staff and local communities in underwater surveys for long-term habitat monitoring. 3. A participatory approach to recover dugongs and their habitat in India: Year 2018-19 was excellent because of active involvements of major stakeholders in this project. All state Forest Departments, Indian Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police, State Fisheries Departments, State Education Departments, local universities and NGOs could actively participate in implementing this project in the field that not only helped to minimise the dugong mortalities and helped to conserve overall marine biodiversity of the region. We involved the Indian Navy, the Coast Guard, Fisheries and Marine Police personals in our volunteering network by conducting several short orientation workshops with them on dugongs and seagrasses. For example, 15 Indian Navy officers from INS-Utkrosh participated in the program where the CAMPA-Dugong team (ANI) briefed them about basic data documentation on sighting a dugong and other marine mammals in the logbooks distributed. Similarly, integrated trainings towards marine biodiversity monitoring and management was given to group of frontline staff from Forest, Fisheries, Marine Police and local youths in all three regions. An orientation program was conducted with the glass bottom boat operators, to sensitize them about the importance of this stretch for dugongs in terms of controlled boat speeds when a dugong is spotted. Further, these operators were included as a part of the dugong monitoring network. All these efforts helped us in reporting of dugongs by these trainees including fishermen from these regions otherwise those sightings were never reported earlier. Further, volunteer release of incidentally captured dugong by fishermen, identification of leaking site of dugong in Palk Bay, sightings of dugongs by Navy and Coast Guard are all few examples for the outcomes of this participatory approach.Item Human wildlife conflict: Assessment of Socio-psychological perspectives and actual threat from Leopard in Motichur range, Rajaji Tiger Reserve(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2019) Yadav. S.; Mohan, M.; Sandilaya, D.; Boro, P.; Sharma, A.; Sanatan, S.; Ramesh, K.As the proverbs go, “the deeper the roots, the greater the fruits” & “the devil is in the details”, for conservation management to be successful, one must look at multiple aspects and require comprehensive approach. Human-wildlife conflict is not a singular issue of management since it has wider implications and more so, in cases where species restoration in the form of conservation is involved, because social acceptance and better preparations are keys for success of such programs. In this report, information gathered from three different but linked studies carried out under the larger and long-term framework are synthesized, providing an overview of (1) socio-economic conditions and Quality of Life of people, (2) temporal landscape change and people perception on the conflict and (3) comparative status of leopard behavior in the conflict versus non-conflict zones. By studying “Quality of Life”, one can assess the impact of forest resources on the living conditions of people and vice versa. Chapter 1 shows the results of “QOL” study conducted within the villages falling under the 1 km buffer in the Eco-sensitive zone villages of Rajaji Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand from January 2019 to June 2019. This study evaluates the socio-economic dimension of people and focused on demographic status, human dependency on utilization of forest resources and the role of people in management actions. The utilization of forest resources was found to be high in the three districts and there is hardly any participation of the people in the management inputs. The qualitative wellbeing assessment revealed that people are less satisfied with their living condition. The global environment change is increasingly forcing the already dwindled wildlife areas to be even more susceptible to disturbances. Localisation, shifting or disappearance of resources can severely impact wildlife and can even lead to local extinctions. There are many evidences to support this narrative. A study analysing the “changes in landscape” from 1995 to 2018 was also undertaken, which showed an increase in barrenness. Because “Human-Wildlife Conflict” explicitly revolves around the costs of sharing land with dangerous wild animals, it is important to understand the patterns of landscape change. While highlighting the landscape changes over a 20 years period, the second study also focused on the damages done by wild animals, the compensatory schemes, and most importantly the perception of people about wild animals. Though one can never truly eradicate human-wildlife conflict completely, any conflict is a situation of paramount importance to be solved, because any conservation effort does require the support of public at large, particularly the local people who share the space with wildlife. Any spike or change in trend of conflict requires further investigation not for the sole reason saving human fatalities but also for building better human relationships between wildlife managers and public. Since 2014, Motichur range of Rajaji Tiger Reserve has experienced 31 attacks on humans by the resident leopard (Panthera pardus) population. It resulted in 19 human deaths and grievous injuries to 12 people. The epicenter of the conflict is the space surrounding national highway 58, connecting the cities of Rishikesh and Haridwar. Rajaji forest department has been deploying camera traps in the conflict space to reckon the leopard movement patterns and to circle out any suspect animals responsible for the conflict. We intensified the camera trap study focusing on entire Motichur range (excluding the conflict locations) from November 2018 to February 2019. In addition, we visited each conflict site with the forest department officials, and collected information on various attributes related to the site. We found an extremely high leopard count for the winters i.e. 47, with a very high density of 45 animals per 100 square kilometers. We listed down the most suspected leopards involved in conflict based on 3-point criteria. The results of our work will increase our understanding of the adaptability of leopards. The results also reiterate the imperative to shift from a PA centric to a landscape level conservation approach, analyzing the source and drivers of conflicts, including the carrying capacity analysis. There is also an urgent need to include engage communities more closely and develop a short-term and long-term conservation programs.Item Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2018 : Summary report(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2019) Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q.; Nayak, A.K.Item Spatial analysis of livestock predation by leopards in the Greater Gir Landscape(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2019) Jhala, Y.V.; Vasavada, D.T.; Gogoi, K.; Chakrabarti, S.Data on livestock kill by leopard were collected from the districts of Junagadh, Amreli, Gir Somnath and Bhavnagar, accounting for 711 villages between 2012 to 2016. These data were further translated into English, digitized and spatially mapped in GIS. We obtained remotely sensed as well as spatial covariate layers of forest cover, refuge patches, drainages and nigh-light intensity. We conducted a fixed Kernel analysis of spatially explicit livestock predation events at the village resolution to obtain a consolidate “predation risk map” by leopards of the landscape and used it for subsequent analysis. The tehsils of Talala, Sutrapada, Kodinar, Visavadar, Palitana, Gir Gadhada, Junagadh, Una and Mendarada recorded highest livestock predation by leopards. A temporal increasing trend was observed for number of leopard-predation events as well as in the spatial extent of predations. However, the intensity (number of livestock kills/village/year) of livestock predation did not show any increasing trend, this suggests that though there is an increase in the geographical extent of conflict, the intensity in a given area has remained constant. This could be interpretate as geographical range exapansion of the leopard without increasing its density within occupied areas. Proximity to wildlife habitats, proportion of wildlife area and urbanization enhanced chances of leopard predation. A significant deficit between the market rate and compensated amount for leopard predation was observed with an increasing trend. As a management strategy we recommend a revision of compensation rates to match the market price and an efficient system to pay compensation promptly. Improved husbandary practices and, as well as managing leopard density below social carrying capacity is recommended. This would help maintaining tolerance towards leopards under an increasingly conflict scenario. iiItem E-Bird technology for tiger conservation: development and integration of unmanned Aerial vehicles as Surveillance and Monitoring tool for protection of tigers and capacity building of the Frontline staff(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2019) Ramesh, K.; Singh, B.; swan, S.; Krishnakumar, T.; Mondal, T.; Ghosh, R.; Mathur, V.; Verma, N.; Williams, A.C.; Yadav, S.P.; Nayak, A.K.; Mathur, V.B.Un-manned Aerial Vehicles also known as Remotely Piloted Aerial Vehicles (RPAV), have the potential to solve many problems related to wildlife research and conservation. UAVs are small and medium-sized aircraft, which are equipped with advanced electro-optics (EO) such as thermal, night-vision and various other sensors for remote-sensing and surveillance activities. Objectives: The project was conceived as a new initiative, collaboratively by Wildlife Institute of India and National Tiger Conservation Authority in order to (1) integrate Un-manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV or Drone) for surveillance in selected tiger reserves based on pilot testing experience in the reserve, (2) undertake need and feasibility analyses for integration of Drone technology in tiger reserves, (3) map locations of poaching and conflict-prone areas, which would serve as a basis for drone implementation, (4) experiment and implement specialized drone units in a phased manner, and (5) build capacity of frontline staff for integration of drone technology as a part of regular management efforts.Item Preliminary assessment of tigers, co-predators and prey in Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India for exploring options for conservation translocation(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2020) Habib, B.; Nigam, P.; Joshi, K.; Panwar, P.As part of the project “Preliminary assessment of tigers, co-predators and prey species in Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra, India for exploring options for conservation translocation”, the study was carried out in Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra. The fieldwork was carried from January 2019 to June 2019 covering an area of 418.85 km2 in southern Gadchiroli. The Eastern Vidarbha Landscape (EVL) holds a high density of carnivores both inside and outside protected areas leading to an increase in human-wildlife interactions. Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary (PWLS) is a part of EVL and could be an important corridor. To explore new habitats for carnivore species, we conducted a preliminary assessment of tigers, co-predators, and prey in PWLS. The sanctuary mainly is dominated by Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous forest. We conducted carnivore and ungulate sign surveys and deployed camera traps (n=25) in 40 km2 area in Bahmni range. The area was divided into different 1.42 × 1.42 km2 grids and at least one pair of camera trap was placed in each 2.0164 km2 grid at 20 sites and operated for 24-27 days in Bahmni range. Apart from that random camera traps were placed at 5 sites in Kamlapur and Pranhita ranges for 1 to 7 days during the study period. The camera traps sampling effort was 1030 trap nights and around 33000 images were captured. For prey species density estimation, 24 line transects of 2 km length were walked in 43 beats with 5-7 replicates. For vegetation quantification, we laid a total of 144 circular plots of a 10-meter radius and recorded 43 trees, 37 shrubs, and 13 grass species. We used both spatial and temporal data for occupancy estimation. Data were analyzed using the software Presence for occupancy estimation and Distance 7.2 for density estimation. A total of 10 carnivore species were recorded directly or indirectly during the study period. According to the IUCN Red List of threatened species, 2 are Endangered and Near Threatened, and 2 are vulnerable. The major carnivore species are leopard, Asiatic wild dog, sloth bear, Indian grey wolf, jungle cat, Indian fox, and rusty-spotted cat. The occupancy estimate (ψ) of leopard in the null model was 0.20 while for other carnivore species like sloth bear, jungle cat and wild dog were 0.70, 0.74, and 0.68 percent respectively. A total of 14 prey species were recorded during the line transect and sign survey. The major prey species are sambar, Indian gaur, chousingha, Indian giant squirrel, chital, wild pig, nilgai, barking deer, langur sp., rhesus macaque, and Indian peafowl. Among these, 3 species are listed as Vulnerable and 1 as Near Threatened by IUCN Red List. Overall density estimation of major ungulate species was 14.82/km2. The encounter rate of cattle was 0.17/km, nilgai 0.039/km, chital 0.059/km, chousingha 0.016/km, and wild pig 0.022/km. Individual density estimate of major ungulate species like chital 2.27/km2, wild pig 11.55/km2, nilgai 0.72/km2, langur 0.55/km2, Indian hare 1.78/km2, peafowl 0.44/km2, grey jungle fowl 1.87/km2, chousingha 0.28/km2 and cattle were 28.61/km2. Occupancy estimate of ungulate species like sambar 0.27%, chital 0.44%, chousingha 0.51%, Indian gaur 0.07% and nilgai were 0.59%. The major threats in the sanctuary areas are hunting for local consumption, tree cutting, livestock grazing, forest fire, roadkill, and electrocution. We have got 28 % usable images of cattle grazing and 4 % of hunting. Other administrative lacunas are impractical beat boundaries, unequipped frontline staff, lack of legal action against the guilty, inadequate infrastructure, lack of training and capacity building. There is a consistent trepidation of left-wing extremism in the minds of locals and forest officials. It prevents or demotivates them from working efficiently in the PWLS. These activities directly or indirectly affect wildlife conservation and management in PWLS. This was the first-ever scientific study conducted to document prey and predator presence in PWLS. Further detailed and long-term studies are required for a better understanding of species ecology and their habitat. Such studies will help not only in better management and conservation of species in the area but also in decision-making on conservation translocations. Based on the preliminary study and SWOT analysis following are measures to be taken before translocation of any large carnivore species to Pranhita Wildlife Sanctuary: 1. Capacity building of local staff for effective wildlife management.2. Enhancement of protection measures in the Sanctuary to reduce poaching, hunting, and other illegal activities. 3. Habitat improvement by grassland management and eradication of lantana and other invasive species. 4. Reducing threats due to electrocution by illegal power fences used for local hunting and protection of crop fields by local farmers. 5. Special forest protection force for Gadchiroli considering extremism issues.6. Augmentation of the prey base to enhance fast recovery of prey species.7. Maintaining full-strength dedicated forest staff across all range offices of the division.8. Building infrastructure such as patrolling roads, forest chowkis etc., across the sanctuary.9. Involving local people in conservation measures across the sanctuary.10. Establishment of local ecodevelopment committees. 11. Wildlife-oriented management across the Gadchiroli forest division.12. The special financial package for Gadchiroli for enhancing wildlife-oriented management.13. Mitigation measures on the existing roads through the sanctuary and other critical wildlife corridors across the division.14. Implementation of Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Jan Van Vikas Scheme for development of villages across the forested landscape of Gadchiroli to achieve sustainable development of these villages and reduce the man-animal conflict.15. Identification of potential areas within the district for designation as Sanctuary, National Park, Conservation Reserve, Community Reserve.Item Current population status, distribution and threats to Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Terai Arc Landscape, Uttarakhand: a pilot study(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2020) Lyngdoh, SalvadorThis pilot study to provide information on the current distribution of Indian pangolin and major poaching hotspots throughout its ranges to suggest appropriate conservation strategies and protection measures for the species. The proposed objectives for this pilot study are the following: a. To review the current status, distribution and threats to the Indian pangolin population in the study area. b. To prepare a standard protocol for the survey and population estimation of Indian pangolin. c. To formulate effective anti-poaching strategies and devise conservation measures for Indian pangolin to help Uttarakhand Forest DepartmentItem Long term conservation plan for hangul Part II Hangul movement pattern study using GPS satellite telemetry - final report(2016-20)(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2021) Ahmad K.The globally viable single population of Kashmir Red Deer or Hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu), one of the critically endangered subspecies of the Central Asian Deer is restricted to a confined area of 141 km2 Dachigam National Park (34°05ʹ to 34°32ʹN; 74°50ʹ to 75°16ʹE) in the Greater Himalayan mountain range of the Northwest Himalayan biogeographic region zone 2A, with some stray populations occurring in the adjoining relic range areas (Ahmad et al. 2009; Qureshi et al. 2009). Earlier, the species was widely distributed in the mountain of Kashmir Himalayas along the entire Greater Himalayan mountain range (Gee 1965; Schaller 1969; Prater, 1993; Nowak, 1999) declined drastically in the recent past from 5000 Individuals prior to 1947 to less than 200 Individuals at present. Current trends in the Hangul population indicate that the species could go extinct if necessary serious interventions are not made immediately and as such there was need to undertake urgent measures to hold the declining trends in the Hangul population (Ahmad et.al. 2009: Qureshi et.al. 2009; Ahmad et.al 2013). Therefore, understanding the ecology and biology particularly the movement ecology of this critically endangered deer species with small single population was fundamental to develop better strategies for conservation and management practices. The present study duly funded by the MOEF & CC, Government of India was as such initiated to understand the lesser known aspects of movement ecology and behaviour of this last viable population of the Hangul for its effective management, conservation planning and species population recovery under the following objectives: 1) Studying the seasonal Home range size and ranging and movement patterns of Hangul in and outside Dachigam National Park vis-à-vis Hangul migration route, important stop-over sites, and barriers and corridors to migration into the Hangul’s relic areas.2) Studying the lesser known aspects of Hangul ecology viz., habitat use, activity patterns, behaviour and predation prerequisite for effective long term management and conservation of Hangul and its habitats. 3) To identify the potential habitats used by Hangul outside Dachigam and assess and evaluate the extent and magnitude of habitat conditions and threats therein. 4) To identify threats, anthropogenic pressures and other factors particularly predation pressure by leopard and meso-carnivores that impact Hangul distribution and movement patterns. The capture and Satellite collaring of five Hangul (2 males, 3 female) successfully conducted for the first time under this project has been a milestone achievement in the field of satellite telemetry. The findings of this research study indicated that the Home range size varied from 4.98 Km2 in spring to 7.83 Km2 in summer. One of the female collared Hangul showed movement patterns outside Dachigam National Park towards Sindh forest division crossing the river Sindh and covering an area of 137.94 km, with area use of 10.86-12.26 Km2 in summer 2019 to 137.94 km in summer 2020 and a maximum home range of 124.4 km2 in Summer 2020 to colonize and establish its new summer habitat in the erstwhile range area of Wangath-Naranag Conservation Reserve (CR). The data and information generated has enabled us to identify the corridor areas of movement of the Hangul from Dachigam National Park and outside in the 3 Long Term Conservation Plan for Hangul Part II: Hangul Movement Pattern Study Using GPS-Satellite Telemetry adjoining erstwhile range areas in north and south and habitats assessment therein. The data generated also indicated that Hangul shows two activity peaks in morning and evening hours with significant seasonal variations. The findings of the study are of great ecological significance as the significant information generated through this research on the lesser known aspects of movement ecology including animal home ranges and habitat use, biology and behaviour of the Hangul deer would go long way in supporting the management interventions for population recovery and long term survival of this endemic deer of India in Dachigam National Park and its erstwhile range areas in Kashmir Himalayas. Major management and conservation Intervention recommendations 1. The study revealed that major and viable population of Hangul are confined to Dachigam National Park. Despite availability of ideal summer habitats for the Hangul in upper Dachigam, these alpine meadow habitats are not being explored or used by Hangul. The satellite collared Hangul movements indicated that the animals showed upward movements to Dagwan alpine meadows of upper Dachigam but restricted their movements further in to the alpine meadows, possibly due to heavy disturbances of excessive livestock grazing there. 2. Management interventions are as such required towards expansion of Range of Hangul to alpine meadows of Upper Dachigam and potential corridor areas outside Dachigam NP identified through this research, so that these ideal summer habitats are recuperated and used by Hangul in summer as it used to in the past and to ensure gene flow between the Dachigam and adjoining range populations. 3. Hangul conservation breeding-cum- reintroduction programme is imperative to expand the range of Hangul by restocking and augmenting the small isolated Hangul populations in its relic range areas outside Dachigam National Park starting with the Overa Wildlife Sanctuary which has ideal disturbance free habitats available. 4. The Hangul species recovery programme through a project mode by initiation of Project Hangul on the pattern of Project Tiger is crucial to ensure Hangul species recovery and long term survival of the species and its landscapes in the region. 5. This research study as indicated by earlier studies by the Investigator (s) has revealed that besides poaching and continued degradation of Hangul summer habitats in Upper Dachigam, along with biotic interference in winter habitats, low breeding, female biased sex ratio, the problem of survival of the young and inadequate recruitment of calf to adulthood due to factors such as considerable predation by common Leopard, Asiatic Black Bear, dogs and meso-carnivores (Fox and Jackal) are major challenges for the long term survival of the Hangul in the landscape. 6. The study revealed a significant contribution of Hangul in the diet of Golden jackal (9.09%) and Red fox (6.45%). These ecological issues threatening the long term survival of Hangul need to be investigated and addressed further on long term basis through initiating a breeding biology study to better understand the causes of low breeding and fawn/calf survival in the Hangul population in Dachigam National Park and the adjoining landscape. 7. This research study and the earlier studies by the Investigator (s) has indicated that species due to its small population size, restricted range distribution, critically endangered status, ecological threats long Term Conservation Plan for Hangul Part II: Hangul Movement Pattern Study Using GPS-Satellite Telemetry and potentially low genetic variation is at the brink of extinction and needs immediate management interventions to reverse the declining trend in the population. The regulated monitoring of the Hangul populations on a long-term scientific basis using latest techniques of satellite collaring, camera trapping and population genomics is imperative. 8. Strengthening Hangul genome sequencing to understand the DNA mitochondrial based phylogeography of the species and Skull based genetic investigations to link the mitochondrial DNA analysis findings with the nuclear genetic analysis to further establish the degree of closeness or divergence between Hangul and the Bactrian deer.Item Status of Ganges River Dolphins, threats and best practices for conservation(Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2021) Qureshi, Qamar and othersThe South Asian river dolphin is a widely distributed apex predator in Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems. The Gangetic Dolphin ranges into most of the large tributaries in the Ganga Basin: the Chambal, Ramganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Rapti, Son, Gandak and Kosi, besides the main channel of the Ganga. In the Brahmaputra valley, it ranges into the major tributaries such as the Tista, Adadhar, Champamat, Manas, Bhareli, Subhansiri, Dihang, Dibang, Lohit, Disang, Dikho and Kulsi rivers. From status surveys, and mortality data, the most devastating threats is dolphin poaching for oil, used for bait fishing and traditional medicine and dolphin entanglement in gill nets, especially mono-filament gill nets
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